Objective This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of Sanjie Quban recipe in a keloid nude mice model and its impact on transforming growth factor-β1 ( TGF-β1). Methods Keloid tissue after surgical resection was subcutaneously transplanted into the backs of healthy SPF BALB/ C female nude mice, aged 6~ 8 weeks, and a keloid nude mice model was thus established. The mice were randomly divided into three groups, the Sanjie Quban recipe group,the Asiaticoside tablet group and the control gnup, with five in each group. They were respectively treated with Sanjie Quban recipe, Asiaticoside tablets, or sterile pure water. After 28 days of continuous gavage, the keloid tissue was exfoliated and weighed, and HE staining, Masson staining, and immunohistochemical staining for TGF-β1 were conducted.Differences in keloid weight between the three groups before and after treatment were compared, as were the differences in collagen fiber, fibroblast numbers, and TGF-β1 expression between the three groups after treatment. Results The difference in keloid weight before and after treatment in the Asiaticoside tablet group was greater than that of the control group, and the weight difference before and after treatment keloid treatment was the largest in the Sanjie Quban recipe group (P<0. 01). Compared with the control group, collagen fibers in the Sanjie Quban recipe group were looser and less numerous, and fibroblasts were decreased in number. The expression of TGF-β1 in the Sanjie Quban recipe group was decreased compared with that of the control group (P<0. 01). Conclusions Sanjie Quban recipe has certain therapeutic effects on keloids. The mechanism may involve reducing the expression of TGF-β1 in keloid tissue and thereby reducing the proliferation of fibroblasts and the synthesis of extracellular matrix. This study provides experimental and theoretical bases for the clinical treatment of keloids with Chinese medicine.