Monkeypox is an infectious disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection. The host of MPXV remains unclear, and rodents and non-human primates are considered to be potential hosts. Monkeypox is rapidly spreading worldwide. However, animal models of monkeypox have not been established in China. MPXV is a pathogen that seriously threatens human health. Its transmission among the population has presented new characteristics. Therefore, this article describes the discovery of MPXV and the early epidemic, different types of infection, and coinfection. Additionally, experimental infection and animal models of monkeypox in rodents and non-human primates are expounded.